Carotid cavernous fistula

Carotid cavernous fistula CCF: Communication between cavernous portion of ICA and surrounding venous plexus Causes: - full-thickenss arterial injury; - Severe head injury, especially spenoid bone fractures; - ruptured cavernous carotid aneurysms Imaging findings: - Enlarged superior ophthalmic vein, cavernous sinus, and petrous sinus (flow voids) - Proptosis; - Enlarged extraocular musculature; - Preseptal soft tissue swelling; - May be bilateral due to communicating channels between the cavernous sinuses Confirm and possibly treat with catheter angiography Dural fistula between the middle meningeal artery and vein: Post traumatic Venous drainage prevents EDH formation Complications: - pulsitile tinnitus